Millicent Garrett Fawcett, Entrepreneur and Humanist: Votes and Higher Education for Women
Analysed retrospectively, it was quite lucky that Caroline Herschel suffered typhoid fever when she was ten years old: the fever stopped her growing and she was to be forever one meter and thirty centimetres tall. This handicap placed her away from the marital life any woman of her time and status would have expected but instead allowed her to devote herself to science, to astronomy in particular, until the day she died at 98.
Born in Hannover in 1750, she was the sister of the famous astronomer Sir William Herschel, whom he followed to Britain after their father’s death in 1767. When William became George III’s personal astronomer, after having discovered the planet Uranus the previous year, Caroline became his assistant not only cleaning lenses and assembling telescopes, she also copied full astronomical catalogues and, in due time, learnt how to register and organise the data gathered by his brother. Encouraged and taught by him, who also built her a telescope fitting to her small stature, she made her own first observations only after a year, in 1782. As her brother’s assistant, she was the first woman in history to receive a salary as a researcher, 50 pounds per year that King George III granted her from 1787. She discovered at least seven new comets, one of which 35P/Herschel-Rigollet, carries her name, and confirmed the existence of Andromeda Nebulose. Maybe her most significant contributions was the systematization of star catalogues for her brother (published by the Royal Society in 1798) and her nephew, John Herschel. In 1828, the Royal Astronomical Society granted her the Gold Medal for her contributions to science. No other woman will receive it again until 1996, when it was granted to Vera Rubin. In 1835 she was elected honorary member of the Royal Astronomical Society and in 1838 member of the Royal Irish Academy. Two years before dying, the king of Prussia, Frederick William IV, granted her the Prussian Gold Medal for Science after having returned to Prussia upon the death of her brother in 1822. She was, aside from petite and hard, apparently quite bad tempered. She died without issue, but a crater in the moon carries her name.
About the author
Susana Torres Prieto is PhD. 'Doctor Europeus' in Slavic Philology by Cambridge University and Universidad Complutense. She did her postdoctoral studies on history in Paris (EPHE) and on paleograhpy and codicology in the US (Ohio State University). Professor Torres has developed her academic and research career in the areas of Slavic and Medieval Studies. She has specialized on the literature and culture of Russia from the Middle Ages until now, as well as on the means and context of transmission of knowledge, on which she has published extensively. She has taught in several universities in Spain and the US and, after having been member of several international research groups, directed her own international research group on translations into Slavic of Greek religious texts. She has been appointed Visiting Scholar at the Universities of Harvard, Ohio State, and Cambridge (UK). She is also member of several scientific societies worldwide. Her current research focuses on the transmission and representation of ideologies of power from the Middle Ages until now, particularly in the different Classical and Biblical models used in Eastern and Western Europe. Susana is currently Professor of Humanities and Academic Director of Humanities at IE University and IE Business School. She is also Researcher in the Cátedra La Caixa/IE of Management.
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